Value chain approaches

are cooperationSee collaboration. More models to valorise environmental public goodsPublic goods are non-rival (they cannot be exhausted) and non-excludable (there are no boundaries). An environmental example in the Contracts2.0 context is an open and beautiful landscape which can be enjoyed by one person without... More within value chains. To ensure consumer trust, companies increasingly demand greater transparency about the management and delivery of public goodsGoods where access to the good cannot be restricted and where use by one individual does not reduce availability to others.  See also: Environmental Public Goods More on supplier farms. Some companies even integrate biodiversity or climate indicators into their life cycle assessments or try to gain a competitive advantage through label-based contractsare contracts where consumers pay a ‘green premium’ on top of the market price for a production scheme that is certified to be environmentally friendly (Wunder, 2005). Synonym: product-based schemes See also: value chain appro... More.