by Admin | May 4, 2021
Goodsare the objects from ecosystems that people value through experience, use or consumption, whether that value is expressed in economic, social or personal terms. Note that the use of this term here goes well beyond a narrow definit... More where access to the good cannot be restricted and where use by one individual does not reduce availability to others.
See also: Environmental Public GoodsPublic goods are non-rival (they cannot be exhausted) and non-excludable (there are no boundaries). An environmental example in the Contracts2.0 context is an open and beautiful landscape which can be enjoyed by one person without... More
by Admin | Jul 9, 2021
are a widely applied economic experimentstypically use (cash) incentives to study economic decision-making under controlled conditions in abstract (laboratory) or somewhat contextualised (field) settings. More. In a public goodsare the objects from ecosystems that people value through experience, use or consumption, whether that value is expressed in economic, social or personal terms. Note that the use of this term here goes well beyond a narrow definit... More game, a group of people is endowed with resources which they can either place in a private or a joint account (public good). In a standard linear voluntary contributions public goodsare the objects from ecosystems that people value through experience, use or consumption, whether that value is expressed in economic, social or personal terms. Note that the use of this term here goes well beyond a narrow definit... More game, all benefits are internalised from the private account, but only a fraction is internalised from the group account. However, the group account generates additional benefits, creating a social dilemma (a clash between self-interest and group interest) where it is individually rational to free-ride on the contributions of others, but socially optimal to contribute everything.
In Contracts2.0 we will use public goods gamesare a widely applied economic experiments. In a public goods game, a group of people is endowed with resources which they can either place in a private or a joint account (public good). In a standard linear voluntary contributions... More to investigate the impact of contracta formal, written agreement for a specified duration signed by (at least) two parties. In Contracts2.0, we acknowledge the existence of informal contracts but use formal contracts to focus the research. More characteristics on collective decision-making.
by Admin | May 4, 2021
are an approach where farmers and land managers are paid for delivering environmental outcomes, for example for enhancing the presence of important grassland species. In these schemes, farmers determine the management required to achieve the desired result, rather than following prescribed management actions. The advantage of this approach over a practice-based approachis an approach where the farmer follows prescribed management actions to achieve the wider goals of an agri-environment scheme. The focus is on the practice (e.g. cut grassland not before certain date) and not the result (e.g. num... More is the increased flexibility of farmers regarding management decisions. The self-interest and intrinsic motivation of farmers to perform well are likely to raise effectiveness and possibly efficiency.
Synonym: Result-based approach; outcome-based approach; payment-by-result
See also: Practice-based approachis an approach where the farmer follows prescribed management actions to achieve the wider goals of an agri-environment scheme. The focus is on the practice (e.g. cut grassland not before certain date) and not the result (e.g. num... More
by Admin | May 4, 2021
Remuneration for current ecological achievements (e.g. biodiversity, climate or water protection) without a necessary additionalityis defined as whether an environmental service would have been provided in the absence of new incentives, such as Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) or agri-environment-climate measures (AECM). More.
See also: CompensationIn the sense of the polluter pays principle: Compensation of the loss of performance and functionality of the ecosystem through appropriate measures. In the sense of incentive creation: A remuneration (typically based on the conce... More
by Admin | Jul 9, 2021
Social network analysisSocial network analysis (SNA) is a methodological approach that has been found very useful in dissecting and better understanding complex governance arrangements. In this context, it has been applied in numerous studies to underst... More (SNA) is a methodological approach that has been found very useful in dissecting and better understanding complex governanceThe process of formulating decisions and guiding the behaviour of humans, groups and organisations in formally, often hierarchically organised decision-making systems or in networks that cross decision-making levels and sector bou... More arrangements. In this context, it has been applied in numerous studies to understand how social structures and relationships impact on natural resource management and ecosystem services governanceThe process of formulating decisions and guiding the behaviour of humans, groups and organisations in formally, often hierarchically organised decision-making systems or in networks that cross decision-making levels and sector bou... More (e.g. Isaac and Matous 2017, Mbaru and Barnes 2017, Bodin and Crona 2009). It aims to analyse how the structural features of an actors’ networks, defined by the number and type of nodes and the social ties connecting them, inform individual choices on ecosystem management.
