by Admin | Jul 9, 2021
The Delphi method is a systematic and interactive forecasting method relying on a panel of experts. In policy relevant situations Delphi is usually used to develop consensual ideas on potential policy pathways by paying attention to the integration of outlier opinions. The Delphi method consists of two or more rounds of questioning, either via personal (online or offline) questionnaires or group discussions. After each round the researchers or facilitators provide a summary of the results (incl. answers and comments provided). Questions for the next round are developed on this basis, allowing experts to reconsider their opinion in each round.
by Admin | Apr 29, 2021
are a stated preference valuationStated preference valuation is a term for survey-based methods which are often applied to estimate the willingness to pay (WTP) for non-market goods (e.g., environmental public goods) or policies that deliver them. In contrast to ... More technique based on hypothetical choices individuals make in carefully prepared situations. It allows to formally model people’s preferences and estimate their willingness-to-pay for particular characteristics of goodsare the objects from ecosystems that people value through experience, use or consumption, whether that value is expressed in economic, social or personal terms. Note that the use of this term here goes well beyond a narrow definit... More and services (including non-market goodsare the objects from ecosystems that people value through experience, use or consumption, whether that value is expressed in economic, social or personal terms. Note that the use of this term here goes well beyond a narrow definit... More, such as environmental public goodsPublic goods are non-rival (they cannot be exhausted) and non-excludable (there are no boundaries). An environmental example in the Contracts2.0 context is an open and beautiful landscape which can be enjoyed by one person without... More).
by Admin | Jul 9, 2021
typically use (cash) incentives to study economic decision-making under controlled conditions in abstract (laboratory) or somewhat contextualised (field) settings.
by Admin | Apr 29, 2021
In environmental economics it is considered that policy-makers have two broad types of instruments available for changing consumption and production habits in society:
1) Traditional regulatory approaches (sometimes referred to as command-and-control approaches) that set specific standards across polluters.
2) Economic incentivesIn environmental economics it is considered that policy-makers have two broad types of instruments available for changing consumption and production habits in society:
1) Traditional regulatory approaches (sometimes refe... More or market-based policies that rely on market forces to correct for producer and consumer behavior (such as pollution/ emissions taxes, subsidies, Payments for Environmental Servicesare the services that humans render to each other to maintain or increase certain ecosystem services (Karsenty, 2013). Environmental services are a sub-group of ecosystem services that are characterised by externalities (FAO, 2007... More (PES), agri-environment-climate measures (AECM)are a funding mechanism aiming to provide financial support to farmers to contribute to the protection or enhancement of biodiversity, soil, water, landscape, or air quality, or climate change mitigation or adaptation. A bundle of... More.
by Admin | Apr 29, 2021
are the direct and indirect contributions of nature to human well-being (TEEB 2010; CICES classification). Ecosystem services include the terms ecosystem goodsare the objects from ecosystems that people value through experience, use or consumption, whether that value is expressed in economic, social or personal terms. Note that the use of this term here goes well beyond a narrow definit... More and services (Albert et al., 2016), and environmental servicesare the services that humans render to each other to maintain or increase certain ecosystem services (Karsenty, 2013). Environmental services are a sub-group of ecosystem services that are characterised by externalities (FAO, 2007... More. In many cases, the use of ES requires human input (UK NEA, 2011). Such human input includes, e.g., fertiliser, technology or knowledge.
See also: Nature Contributions to People (NCPs)refers to “all the contributions, both positive and negative, of living nature (diversity of organisms, ecosystems, and their associated ecological and evolutionary processes) to people’s quality of life” (Díaz et al. 2015)... More
References
Albert, C., A. Bonn, B. Burkhard, (..) and H. Wustemann, 2016. Towards a national set of ecosystem service indicators: Insights from Germany. Ecological Indicators 61 (1) 38-48. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.08.050
TEEB, 2010. The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity Ecological and Economic Foundations. Edited by Pushpam Kumar. Earthscan: London and Washington.
UK National Ecosystem Assessment, 2011. The UK National Ecosystem Assessment: Synthesis of the Key Findings. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge.
